Associations of parental influence and 10-11-year-old children's physical activity: Are they mediated by children's perceived competence and attraction to physical activity?

Aims: This cross-sectional study had two aims: firstly, to study the associations of parental influence in the form of encouragement, father and mother modelling and involvement on children's physical activity (PA), and secondly, to study the mediation effect of encouragement, father and mother modelling and involvement on children's PA through children's perceived competence and attraction to PA. Methods: A total of 1278 children (response rate 79%), aged 10-11 years, participated in the study in the autumn of 2006. Of these children, 883 children completed all the data in a questionnaire assessing their self-reported PA, perceived competence, attraction to PA, and perceived parental influence. The associations were examined by multiple mediator analyses with bootstrapping method. All the models were adjusted with gender and grade. Results: The analyses pointed out that father modelling had a direct effect on children's physical activity, whereas encouragement, mother modelling, and involvement had an indirect effect through perceived competence and attraction to physical activity on children's physical activity. The strongest indirect association was formed from encouragement through attraction to physical activity to children's physical activity. Conclusions: The results show that parents influence on children's physical activity in a variety of ways. Parents influence their children's physical activity in direct and indirect manners through their encouragement, involvement and modelling. Furthermore, mother and father influence their children's physical activity in different ways. This versatility should be taken into consideration in future interventions.