The anti-tumor effects of imidazolium salts on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background Imidazolium salts (IS), ionic derivatives of neutral imidazoles, have properties that can be adjusted by structural modifications to their cations and anions, which makes this particular class of compounds a promising option for developing biologically active compounds. The anti-tumor effects of the IS 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C(4)MImCl), 1-n-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C(10)MImCl), 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C(16)MImCl), 1-n-hexadecyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride (C(16)M(2)ImCl), 1-n-octadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C(18)MImCl), 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (C(16)MImMeS), and 1-n-hexadecyl-2,3- dimethylimidazolium methanesulfonate (C(16)M(2)ImMeS) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have been studied here. Methods Oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (CAL27) were incubated with increasing IS doses and then submitted to proliferation (2D), cell death (2D) and spheroid assay (3D). Results The IS anti-tumor effect was dependent on both its N-alkyl chain length and anion, whereby C(16)MImCl proved to be more effective in combination for inhibiting cell proliferation and cell-cell adhesion, outperforming the methylated C(16)M(2)ImCl derivative and, most importantly, the gold standard-cisplatin. In addition, C(16)MImCl had little effect on keratinocytes and more pronounced effects on more aggressive tumor cells. It also exhibited similar effects on inducing cell death when compared to Cisplatin. This compound spread to a greater area of the tumor sphere and produced an enhanced number of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the tumor cell line, demonstrating only a small rise in the healthy cells. Conclusion These data indicate that the effect of C(16)MlmCl on OSCC is promising, as it is selective for cancer cells.