In this article, the authors review thoracic involvement by Entamoeba histolytica and Acanthamoeba. Attention is given to the past and present aspects of thoracic amebiasis. Sociodemographic distribution, host response to infection, diagnosis, and treatment of pleuropulmonary and pericardial amebiasis also are discussed. Pulmonary involvement by Acanthamoeba, along with meningoenchephalitis, also has been described.