Preparing an adsorbent from the unused solid waste of Rosewater extraction for high efficient removal of Crystal Violet

The unused waste of Rosewater extraction has been used in this study for the synthesis of an adsorbent. The activation of the unused waste of Rosewater extraction was performed by ZnCl2 and the electric furnace. The effects of temperature and the amount of ZnCl2 on Crystal Violet (CV) removal were studied. The highest dye removal was obtained by 30 wt% ZnCl2 for one hour and heating at 600 degrees C. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction technique, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. The studies showed the percentage of ZnO is high in the prepared adsorbent. The analyses showed the adsorbent has a higher volume of wide micropores and a small volume of mesopores with BET surface area 432.51 m(2) g(-1). The effects of temperature (25-40 degrees C), adsorbent dosage (0.5-2 g L-1), pH (2-11), time (0-320 min), and dye concentration (3-10 mg L-1) on adsorbent's ability for dye adsorption were studied. The fractal-like integrated kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm were the best kinetic and isotherm equations for CV adsorption on the synthesized adsorbent. These results show that the surface of the adsorbent is heterogeneous. The thermodynamic study showed that adsorption is spontaneous, and it is chemisorption. The adsorption performance of CV on the prepared adsorbent was compared with the commercial activated carbon. Comparing the adsorption capacities of the synthesized adsorbent (168.8 mg g(-1)), commercial activated carbon (108.22 mg g(-1)), and some other adsorbents for CV removal proved, it is a high efficient adsorbent. The importance of this study is providing a condition for the preparation of a low-cost and high efficient adsorbent from the unused waste of Rosewater extraction for water purification.