The Origins and Early Days of the Three Rs Concept

被引：32

作者：

Balls, Michael ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] FRAME, Nottingham NG1 4EE, England

来源：

ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS | 2009年 / 37卷 / 03期

关键词：

alternatives; animal experimentation; Nottingham University; reduction; refinement; replacement; Russell Archive; Three Rs; UFAW; HUMANE EXPERIMENTAL-TECHNIQUE; PROGRESS;

D O I：

10.1177/026119290903700306

中图分类号：

R-3 [医学研究方法]; R3 [基础医学];

学科分类号：

1001 ;

摘要：

Some questions are answered concerning the origins of the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept in relation to animal experimentation, expounded 50 years ago by Russell and Burch in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, by reference to some key publications and to correspondence in the W.M.S. and Claire Russell Archive, which is currently being established at the University of Nottingham. Some insight is also given into the relationship between Russell and Burch, the first use of "alternatives" in the Three Rs context, and the background to the publication of the book.

引用

页码：255 / 265

页数：11

共 50 条

[31] The three Rs
Hitchin, Penny
NUCLEAR ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, 2016, 61 (747): : 24 - 26
[32] The origins of the entropy concept
Darrigol, O
Poincare Seminar 2003: BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION - ENTROPY, 2004, 38 : 101 - 117
[33] THE ORIGINS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE
HARDING, A
HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1994, 15 (01) : 57 - 72
[34] THE ORIGINS OF THE CONCEPT OF TRINITY
Morlet, Sebastien
ETUDES PHILOSOPHIQUES, 2020, (02): : 15 - 32
[35] Origins of the Concept of Vasospasm
Macdonald, R. Loch
STROKE, 2016, 47 (01) : e11 - e15
[36] The origins of the concept of interference
Mollon, JD
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 2002, 360 (1794): : 807 - 819
[37] Emergence: The origins of a concept
Corradini, A
Gaj, N
Lo Dico, G
RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEO-SCOLASTICA, 2005, 97 (02) : 263 - 279
[38] ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF CONCEPT
GOSOVIC, B
RUGGIE, JG
INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, 1976, 28 (04) : 639 - 646
[39] THE ORIGINS OF CONCEPT-FORMATION - OBJECT SORTING AND OBJECT PREFERENCE IN EARLY INFANCY
STARKEY, D
CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52 (02) : 489 - 497
[40] On Early Palaeolithic ''concept-mediated marks, mental modularity, and the origins of art''
Mithen, S
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY, 1996, 37 (04) : 666 - 670

← 1 2 3 4 5 →