The X-ray coronae of solitary late-type stars

Recent observations of the motion of the footpoints of the bipolar magnetic fields of active X-ray regions of the Sun establish that the footpoints are intermixed on the same characteristic time and scale as the granule motions. It follows that the bipolar magnetic fields have an internally interlaced topology creating magnetic free energy. Tt follows from the basic theorem of magnetostatics that the topology creates internal surfaces of tangential discontinuity which effectively dissipate the magnetic free energy into heat. This process appears to be the cause of the X-ray coronae of solitary late Main-Sequence stars like the Sun.