Passive Element Approximation of Equivalent Circuits by the Impedance Expansion Method

The impedance expansion method (IEM), which was previously proposed by the authors, is a circuit-modeling technique for electrically-very-small devices. The equivalent circuits derived by the IEM include dependent voltage sources proportional to the powers of the frequency. However, the previous report did not describe how circuit simulators could realize such dependent voltage sources. This paper shows how this can be achieved by approximating the equivalent circuit using only passive elements.