Seeing Eye to Body: The Literal Objectification of Women

Scholars have long argued that women are denied a basic sense of humanness-are objectified-when focus is directed toward their physical rather than mental qualities. Early research on objectification focused on women's self-objectification and measured objectification indirectly (as an emphasis on physical appearance). Recent research, however, has provided direct evidence that a focus on the physical aspects of women by others causes women to be perceived like, and act like, objects lacking mind. Manifestations of this literal objectification include attributing women less of the traits that distinguish people from objects and visual-recognition and neural responses consistent with nonhuman-object perception. Women themselves also behave more like objects (by, e. g., speaking less) when they are aware of this focus by others. Real-world implications and ways to defuse literal objectification are discussed.