Indirect electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon nanopowders in molten alkali carbonates: Process variables and product properties

Carbon was deposited on a mild steel cathode during electrolysis in the molten mixture of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 (mole ratio: 62:38) under CO2 or mixed N-2 and CO2 atmospheres at 3.0-5.0 V and 540-700 degrees C. In a three-electrode cell, cyclic voltammetry was applied on a platinum working electrode to study the reduction and deposition processes. A two-electrode cell helped correlate electrolysis variables, e.g. temperature and voltage, with the deposition rate, current efficiency, and properties of the deposited carbon powders. High current efficiency (>90%) and deposition rate (>0.11 g cm(-2) h(-1)) were achieved in the study. Elemental analysis of the electro-deposits, following washing with HCl solutions (2.3-7.8 molL(-1)), showed carbon as the dominant element (75-95 wt.%) plus oxygen (5-10 wt.%) and small amounts of other elements related to materials of the electrolytic cell. Thermogravimetry detected fairly low onset combustion temperatures (310-430 degrees C), depending on the electrolysis and acid washing conditions. Amorphous and various nanostructures (sheet, rings and quasi-spheres) were revealed by electron microscopy in carbon samples deposited under different process conditions. The specific surface area of the carbon deposited at 5.0 V and 540 degrees C was as high as 585 m(2) g(-1). An analysis of the energy consumption suggests several ways for efficiency improvement so that the electrolytic carbon from CO2 will become commercially attractive. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.