Solar driven mass cultivation and the extraction of lipids from Chlorella variabilis: A case study

Microalgae are the potential third generation energy feedstock with environmental benefits. In order to reduce the overall cost of production, a saline tolerant isolate CSIR-CSMCRI's Chlorella variabilis (ATCC PTA 12198) was grown in open solar salt pans using sea water during the summer season at a temperature of 45 +/- 3 degrees C. In the present case with an ability to proliferate in hypersaline environment (3-8 degrees Be'), C. variabilis was cultivated in a vast area of 772 m(2) with a total cultivation volume of 360 m(3) with an average biomass productivity of 34.59 g/m(2)/d. The cultivated C. variabilis was harvested by auto-settling and had an average calorific value of 3885 kCal/kg. The lipid extraction using Chloroform: Methanol (1: 2) yielded a total lipid content of 22.59% (w/w) with a calorific value of 9288 kCal/kg. The total lipid extract in hexane yielded 10.58% (w/w) of lipid. The fatty acidmethyl ester (FAME) profile of hexane extracted lipid of C. variabilis showed its suitability for biodiesel production. Application of solar energy in energy intensive extraction process improved the energy output to input ratio minimizing the energy input of 33.12 MJ/kg biomass without affecting its lipid profile. Furthermore, an unmodified diesel motor vehicle was run successfully using the neat biodiesel. The entire process is cost effective and energy efficient leading to the sustainable development of microalgae-based biofuel for future commercialization. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.