Immobilization of heavy metals in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and calcium sulfate

The effects of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) dosage (mass ratio of CaSO4 to sludge), pyrolysis temperature and holding time on speciation distribution of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and CaSO4 were investigated. The appropriate CaSO4 dosages for better immobilization of different heavy metals were 0.075 (Cr), 0.025 (Pb), 0.025 (Cu), 0.025 (Ni), and 0.01(Zn), respectively. The corresponding proportions of heavy metals in stable state (oxidizable and residue fractions) were 96.99%, 89.23%, 99.55%, 87.43%, and 54.33%. The high pyrolysis temperature (750 degrees C) was conducive to immobilization of Cr, Pb and Zn, while the percentages of Cu and Ni in stable state were higher at low pyrolysis temperature (350 degrees C). The suitable holding time was 60 min (Cr, Cu) and 15 min (Pb, Ni and Zn), respectively. The characterization of samples showed that suitable pyrolysis temperature and holding time could promote the formation of crystals and spherical or ellipsoidal particles in biochar, and pyrolysis of aliphatic to form more mesopores and macropores, resulting in immobilization of more heavy metals. During co-pyrolysis process, CaSO4 was easily decomposed and generated CaS, CaO, CaCO3 and Ca(OH)(2), which were beneficial to the immobilization of heavy metals.