RETRACTED: E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Fbw7 Negatively Regulates Osteoblast Differentiation by Targeting Runx2 for Degradation (Retracted article. See vol. 294, pg. 68, 2019)

Runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation, is tightly regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination have differential effects on Runx2 functions. Here, we show that the reduced expression and functions of Runx2 upon its phosphorylation by GSK3 beta are mediated by its ubiquitin-mediated degradation through E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbw7 alpha. Fbw7 alpha through its WD domain interacts with Runx2 both in a heterologous (HEK293T cells) system as well as in osteoblasts. GSK3 beta was also present in the same complex as determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, overexpression of either Fbw7 alpha or GSK3 beta was sufficient to down-regulate endogenous Runx2 expression and function; however, both failed to inhibit endogenous Runx2 when either of them was depleted in osteoblasts. Fbw7 alpha-mediated inhibition of Runx2 expression also led to reduced Runx2 transactivation and osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, inhibition of Fbw7 alpha restored Runx2 levels and promoted osteoblast differentiation. We also observed reciprocal expression levels of Runx2 and Fbw7 alpha in models of bone loss such as lactating (physiological bone loss condition) and ovariectomized (induction of surgical menopause) animals that show reduced Runx2 and enhanced Fbw7 alpha, whereas this was reversed in the estrogen-treated ovariectomized animals. In addition, methylprednisolone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) treatment to neonatal rats showed a temporal decrease in Runx2 with a reciprocal increase in Fbw7 in their calvarium. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Fbw7 alpha negatively regulates osteogenesis by targeting Runx2 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation in a GSK3 beta-dependent manner and thus provides a plausible explanation for GSK3 beta-mediated bone loss as described before.