Behavioral interventions to promote condom use among women living with HIV: a systematic review update

Behavioral interventions have been essential components of HIV prevention approaches, especially those aimed to promote safe sexual practices. We conducted a comprehensive literature search without language restrictions between 1980 and July 2014 to identify randomized controlled trials or controlled studies investigating behavioral interventions which: included women living with HIV; focused on condom use promotion; presented/analyzed outcomes by gender; used a 3-month follow-up or more; and considered at least one HIV-related behavioral or biological outcome. Eight studies comprising a total of 1,355 women living with HIV were included in the meta-analyses, and 13 studies were qualitatively described. When compared to standard care or minimal support intervention, behavioral interventions did not demonstrate an effect on increasing consistent condom use at the 3-month follow-up (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.16; p = 0.48), 6-month follow-up (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.34; p = 0.15), and 12-month follow-up (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.08; p = 0.30). Behavioral interventions also failed to reach positive effect in reduction of unprotected sexual intercourse at 6 months (MD = -1.80; 95% CI: -4.21, 0.62; p = 0.14) and 12-months follow-up (MD = -1.39; 95% CI: -2.29, 0.21; p = 0.09). These findings should be interpreted with caution since they are based on a few small trials. New researches are needed to assess the potential gains from a combination of interventions that promote safe sexual behavior with a harm reduction and gender approach, particularly in developing countries where HIV infection rates remain high.