Characterisation of cerivastatin as a P-glycoprotein substrate:: studies in P-glycoprotein-expressing cell monolayers and mdr1a/b knock-out mice

The aim of this study was to characterise the role of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein in the disposition of cerivastatin. We investigated directional transport characteristics of [C-14]cerivastatin across cell monolayers expressing P-glycoprotein (Caco-2 and L-MDR1) and disposition of cerivastatin in mice with disrupted mdr1a and mdr1b genes. The mice were given orally 1 mg/kg cerivastatin and plasma and tissue samples for analysis of cerivastatin were obtained 10, 20, or 30 min after drug administration. Four knock-out mice and four wild-type mice were studied at each time point. In addition, the hypothesis that gemfibrozil-mediated inhibition of P-glycoprotein contributes to the interaction between gemfibrozil and cerivastatin was tested in Caco-2 cells. The apparent permeability coefficient (P-app) value for the basal-to-apical transport of cerivastatin in Caco-2 and L-MDR1 cell monolayers was 2.4 times (P<0.001) and 3.8 times (P<0.001) as high as the apical-to-basal P-app value respectively. The P-glycoprotein inhibitor PSC-833 (1 muM) inhibited the net basal-to-apical transport of cerivastatin in Caco-2 monolayers by 35% (P<0.01) and the MRP inhibitor MK-571 (10 muM) by 50% (P<0.01). At concentrations up to 250 muM, gemfibrozil showed no significant effects on the net transport of cerivastatin in Caco-2 cells. The concentration of cerivastatin in the brain at 30 min was 3.1 times higher in the knock-out mice than in the wild-type mice (P<0.05). The brain-to-plasma cerivastatin concentration ratio at 20 min and 30 min was 2.1 (P<0.05) and 3.6 times (P<0.05) higher respectively in the knock-out animals compared with the wild-type animals. Collectively, these results indicate that cerivastatin is a P-glycoprotein substrate, although other transporters probably contribute to cerivastatin transport in humans. As several statins are P-glycoprotein substrates, beneficial as well as adverse effects of the statins might be affected by interindividual differences in P-glycoprotein expression or function caused by, e.g., the MDR1 polymorphism.