Particularities of the technology for producing high-density technical ceramics. Activity of oxide powders during sintering

Possible ways to increase the energy of oxide powders during calcination and ways to activate them are examined. This is accomplished in the following cases: first, increasing temperature, i.e., input of heat energy; second, increasing internal energy by means of surface energy and surface defects during mechanical grinding; third, increasing internal energy by chemical methods of production under strongly nonequilibrium conditions as a result of the surface energy and defects on the surface and in the bulk; and, fourth, increasing the internal energy with the introduction of additives via the energy of lattice deformation occurring with the introduction of foreign ions in general, since no two ions are of the same size, and the energy of lattice defects with the introduction of heterovalent ions.