Chemical speciation of water-soluble ionic components in PM2.5 derived from peatland fires in Sumatra Island

We conducted a field study to characterize water-soluble ionic species in PM2.5 from peatland fires using ground-based samplings at fire sources and receptor sites in the Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. We determined the concentrations of PM2.5 mass, water-soluble ions, and some chemical elements. Through PM2.5 field samplings at three peatland fire sources, we have shown that the mass fractions of typical peatland fire water-soluble ionic components tend to differ between peatland fire sources. Thus, our results indicate that PM2.5 source profiles of water-soluble ionic components for peatland fire must be selected with extreme caution if applied to a receptor model. From the viewpoint of ionic composition of each peatland fire sample, Cl- and NH4+ were consistently dominant anions and cations, respectively, for all peatland fire samples, i.e., NH4Cl was a consistently dominant component. Through field samplings of the ambient PM2.5 in Pekanbaru during peatland fire-induced haze and non-haze periods, we found differences in PM2.5 mass and total water-soluble ionic component concentrations between haze and non-haze samples. Four components, C2O42-, NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+, showed highly elevated levels during haze periods. Since these four ions are recognized as the major secondarily formed aerosol components, the increased total concentrations of water-soluble ionic components during haze periods can mainly be derived from the gas-to-aerosol conversion process. The ionic compositions of haze samples at receptor sites are obviously different from those at peatland fire source samples. In particular, NH4Cl, which is characteristic of peatland fire PM2.5 sources, is low at sites during haze periods.