Double-diffusive convection of solid particles in a porous X-shaped cavity filled with a nanofluid

In this work, numerical results are discussed for thermo-solutal convection resulting from embedded solid particles and partial length in X-shaped cavity. Aheterogeneous porous medium and Aluminium oxide Al2O3-water nanofluid are filled the X-shaped cavity. The solid particles with a high temperature T-h and concentration C-h are filling the center part of X-shaped cavity. Variable length in the left-wall of X-shaped cavity is carrying T-h and C-h and similar variable length in the right-wall has T-c and C-c and the other wall parts are adiabatic.In this study, an incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) is utilized to solve the governing equations of velocities, temperature and concentrations. The novelty of this work is to couple between solid-fluid particles inside X-shaped cavity filled by a nanofluid and heterogeneous porous media. Numerical simulations have been obtained for the variation of buoyancy ratio (-1 <= N <= 1), Darcy parameter (10(-2) <= Da <= 10(-5)), Lewis number (1 <= Le <= 50), solid volume fraction (0 <= phi <= 50), partial lengths (0.6 <= L-h <= 2) and Length of solid particles (0.2 <= L-Solid <= 1). Main results indicated that coupled solid-fluid particles are depending on the values of buoyancy ratio parameter. Therefore, maximum of velocity field increases by 20.95% as buoyancy ratio increases from-1 to 1. A decrease on Darcy parameter from Da = 10(-2) to Da = 10(-5) slows down the coupling between solid and fluid particles and it decreases the maximum of velocity field by 94.5%. Adding nanoparticles reduces the coupled solid- fluid particles and it reduces maximum of velocity field by 56.71%.