Missense mutation in flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 gene, FMO3, underlies fish-odour syndrome

Individuals with primary trimethylaminuria exhibit a body odour reminiscent of rotting fish, due to excessive excretion of trimethylamine (TMA; refs 1-3). The disorder, colloquially known as fish-odour syndrome, is inherited recessively as a defect in hepatic N-oxidation of dietary-derived TMA(4-6) and cannot be considered benign, as sufferers may display a variety of psychosocial reactions, ranging from social isolation to clinical depression and attempted suicide(6). TMA oxidation is catalyzed by flavin-containing mono-oxygenase (FMO; refs 7,8), and tissue localization(9,10) and functional studies(11) have established FMO3 as the form most likely to be defective in fish-odour syndrome. Direct sequencing of the coding exons of FMO3 amplified from a patient with fish-odour syndrome identified two missense mutations. Although one of these represented a common polymorphism, the other, a C-->T transition in exon 4, was found only in an affected pedigree, in which it segregated with the disorder. The latter mutation predicts a proline-->leucine substitution at residue 153 and abolishes FMO3 catalytic activity. Our results indicate that defects in FMO3 underlie fish-odour syndrome and that the Pro153-->Leu153 mutation described here is a cause of this distressing condition.