Microgrids: A review on optimal hybrid technologies, configurations, and applications

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review about the configurations, operation, and integration of multiple energy sources for microgrid (MG) system. The applications of renewable and non-renewable energy sources have been discussed and analysed. Similarly, the several control strategies, protection schemes, and communication networks used for MG have been defined to provide a unique and distinct perspective for an optimal and real-time project. During the review analysis, different used software tools and techniques were observed and applied broadly. However, the most frequently used software and technique are hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) Pro and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Additionally, the total global installed capacity for renewable sources is enhanced up to 2588 GW, including 627 GW of PV source, along with the global investment of USD 316.7 Billion on clean energy sources. Furthermore, the least levelized cost of energy for on-grid and off-grid hybrid systems using HOMER Pro was found as $0.072 and $0.145/kWh, respectively. Finally, the work has provided thorough study and future directions about MGs to assist engineers and researchers for their upcoming prospects in the field of renewable energy.