G protein-dependent Ca2+ signaling complexes in polarized cells

Polarized cells signal in a polarized manner. This is exemplified in the patterns of [Ca2+](i) waves and [Ca2+](i) oscillations evoked by stimulation of G protein -coupled receptors in these cells. Organization of Ca2+-signaling complexes in cellular microdomains, with the aid of scaffolding proteins, is likely to have a major role in shaping G protein-coupled [Ca2+](i) signal pathways. In epithelial cells, these domains coincide with sites of [Ca2+](i)-wave initiation and local [Ca2+](i) oscillations. Cellular microdomains enriched with Ca2+-signaling proteins have been found in several cell types. Microdomains organize communication between Ca2+-signaling proteins in the plasma membrane and internal Ca2+ stores in the endoplasmic reticulum through the interaction between the IF, receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+-influx channels in the plasma membrane. Ca2+ signaling appears to be controlled within the receptor complex by the regulators of G protein-signaling (RGS) proteins. Three domains in RGS4 and related RGS proteins contribute important regulatory features. The RGS domain accelerates GTP hydrolysis on the G alpha subunit to uncouple receptor stimulation from IP3 production; the C-terminus may mediate interaction with accessory proteins in the complex; and the N-terminus acts in a receptor-selective manner to confer regulatory specificity. Hence, RGS proteins have both catalytic and scaffolding function in Ca2+ signaling. Organization of Ca2+-signaling proteins into complexes within microdomains is likely to play a prominent role in the localized control of [Ca2+](i) and in [Ca2+](i) oscillations. (C) Harcourt Publishers Ltd.