Horizontal Inequality and Data Challenges

Inequality and social exclusion receive considerable contemporary policy attention. In the field of international development, inequalityboth vertical (between individuals and households) and horizontal (between groups)is a core concern in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Despite considerable attention to horizontal inequality in both research and policy, there are notable gaps and weaknesses in our empirical knowledge about how it manifests within and across countries and over time. This has implications not only for the rigour with which we can build and test theories in this area, but also for informing policy, monitoring trends, and evaluating the impact of interventions. This article probes what more can be learned from existing survey and census data to address empirical gaps. It argues that key methodological, conceptual, andin particularpolitical issues pose persistent challenges for such survey and census data on topics relating to ethnicity' broadly defined. These challenges imply not only real limits in the so-called data revolution for sustainable development, but also risks to evidence-based' policy making in this area when it relies too heavily on quantitative data. This article serves also as the introductory and framing paper for this special issue.