Recent Challenges in Perovskite Solar Cells Toward Enhanced Stability, Less Toxicity, and Large-Area Mass Production

In recent years, organic-inorganic halide perovskites have emerged as prospective materials for high-efficiency, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Despite their superiority in synthesizing route, the poor stability of PSCs with regard to humidity, heat, UV radiation, and oxygen limits their applications. Moreover, the toxicity of perovskite films and suitable ways to achieve large-area production need to be taken into account before commercialization. Herein, reports of recent technological improvement on cell stability, interfacial modification, the substitution of electron and hole transport layers, strategies on lowering the toxicity of lead-based perovskites, and large-area production are summarized. The purpose of this review is to pave the way for the promising structure as well as the stability of the PSCs, and thereby promoting their commercial application.