Nonlocal closures for plasma fluid simulations

The application of fluid models in studies of transport and macroscopic stability of magnetized, nearly collisionless plasmas requires closure relations that are inherently nonlocal. Such closures address the fact that particles are capable of carrying information over macroscopic parallel scale lengths. In this work, generalized closures that embody Landau, collisional and particle-trapping physics are derived and discussed. A gyro/bounce-averaged drift kinetic equation is solved via an expansion in eigenfunctions of the pitch-angle scattering operator and the resulting system of algebraic equations is solved by integrating along characteristics. The desired closure moments take the form of integral equations involving perturbations in the flow and temperature along magnetic field lines. Implementation of the closures in massively parallel plasma fluid simulation codes is also discussed. This implementation includes the use of a semi-implicit time advance of the fluid equations to stabilize the dominant closure terms which are introduced explicitly. Application of the nonlocal, parallel heat flow closure, q(parallel to), in studies of temperature flattening across helical magnetic islands in toroidal geometry reveal a scaling of temperature versus critical island width for flattening of Tsimilar tow(d)(-1.5). This result predicts more robust flattening at small island widths when compared to the diffusive scaling, Tsimilar tow(d)(-1.7), which assumes a Braginskii-type parallel heat conductivity. Preliminary application of q(parallel to) to tokamak disruption simulations shows qualitative agreement of wall heat loads with experimental observations, smooth distribution in toroidal angle, and striation in the poloidal direction along the wall. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.