The immunosuppressive effect of gossypol in mice is mediated by inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and by induction of cell apoptosis

Aim: To investigate the immunosuppressive effect of gossypol in mice both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The in vitro effect of gossypol on the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes of BALB/c mice was determined by CFSE staining and by an MTS assay. Lymphocyte activation and lymphoblastic transformation were evaluated with immunostaining. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V and Hoechst 33342 staining. The in vivo immunosuppressive effect of gossypol on the DTH reaction was evaluated using a mouse DTH model induced by 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB). The thickness of the ears was measured, and the histological changes of the mouse auricles were observed after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The proliferation capacity of lymphocytes from DTH mice was also assayed. Results: In vitro, gossypol could significantly inhibit the proliferation of mouse lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol ester plus ionomycin in a dose-dependent manner. Although the expression of the early activation antigen CD69 was not affected, the lymphoblastic transformation of both T and B lymphocyte subsets was significantly suppressed by gossypol. Moreover, gossypol could induce apoptosis of lymphocytes, and the effect was time-and dose-dependent. In vivo, the DTH reaction in mice was markedly alleviated by gossypol injected intraperitoneally. Lymphocytes from drug-treated DTH mice had a reduced proliferation capacity as compared with lymphocytes from untreated DTH mice. Gossypol treatment also markedly reduced the number of infiltrated lymphocytes in the auricles of DTH mice. Conclusion: Gossypol exhibited immunosuppressive effects in mice, probably by inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and by induction of cell apoptosis.