TLR and TNF-R1 activation of the MKK3/MKK6-p38α axis in macrophages is mediated by TPL-2 kinase

Previous studies suggested that Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation of the p38 alpha MAP kinase (MAPK) is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation of MAPK kinases, MKK3, MKK4 and MKK6. We used quantitative mass spectrometry to monitor tumour progression locus 2 (TPL-2)-dependent protein phosphorylation following TLR4 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, comparing macrophages from wild-type mice and Map3k8(D270A/D270A) mice expressing catalytically inactive TPL-2 (MAP3K8). In addition to the established TPL-2 substrates MKK1/2, TPL-2 kinase activity was required to phosphorylate the activation loops of MKK3/6, but not of MKK4. MKK3/6 activation required I kappa B kinase (IKK) phosphorylation of the TPL-2 binding partner nuclear factor.-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B1) p105, similar to MKK1/2 activation. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation of MKK3/6 phosphorylation was similarly dependent on TPL-2 catalytic activity and IKK phosphorylation of NF-kappa B1 p105. Owing to redundancy of MKK3/6 with MKK4, Map3k8(D270A) mutation only fractionally decreased lipopolysaccharide activation of p38 alpha. TNF activation of p38 alpha, which is mediated predominantly via MKK3/6, was substantially reduced. TPL-2 catalytic activity was also required for MKK3/6 and p38 alpha activation following macrophage stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. Our experiments demonstrate that the IKK/NF-kappa B1 p105/TPL-2 signalling pathway, downstream of TAK1, regulates MKK3/6 and p38 alpha activation in macrophages in inflammation.