AUTONOMY: The First Randomized Trial Comparing Two Patient-Driven Approaches to Initiate and Titrate Prandial Insulin Lispro in Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To compare two self-titration algorithms for initiating and escalating prandial insulin lispro in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The trial was designed as two independent, multinational, parallel, open-label studies (A and B), identical in design, to provide substantial evidence of efficacy and safety in endocrine and generalist settings. Subjects were 18-85 years old (study A: N = 528; study B: N = 578), on basal insulin plus oral antidiabetic drugs for >= 3 months, and had an HbA(1c) 7.0% to <= 12.0% (>53.0 to <= 107.7 mmol/mol). Once optimized on insulin glargine, subjects were randomized to one of two self-titration algorithm groups adjusting lispro either every day (Q1D) or every 3 days (Q3D) for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in HbA(1c) from baseline. The primary and secondary objectives were evaluated for the overall population and subjects >= 65 years old. RESULTS Baseline HbA(1c) was similar (study A: Q1D 8.3% [67.2 mmol/mol] vs. Q3D 8.4% [68.3 mmol/mol], P = 0.453; study B: Q1D 8.3% [67.2 mmol/mol] vs. Q3D 8.4% [68.3 mmol/mol], P = 0.162). Both algorithms had significant and equivalent reductions in HbA(1c) from baseline (study A: Q3D -0.96% [-10.49 mmol/mol], Q1D -1.00% [-10.93 mmol/mol], Q3D-Q1D 0.04% [0.44 mmol/mol] [95% CI -0.15 to 0.22 (-1.64 to 2.40)]; study B: Q3D -0.92% [-10.06 mmol/mol], Q1D -0.98% [-10.71 mmol/mol], Q3D-Q1D 0.06% [0.66 mmol/mol] [95% CI -0.12 to 0.24 (-1.31 to 2.62)]). The incidence and rate of hypoglycemia were similar for Q3D and Q1D in both studies. In general, no clinically relevant differences were found between the two algorithms in subjects >= 65 years old in either study. CONCLUSIONS Prandial insulin lispro can effectively and safely be initiated, by either of two self-titrated algorithms, in a variety of practice settings.