RETRACTED: Mechanism of flash boiling and spray analysis with gasoline, iso-octane, n-pentane and ethanol from a novel heated tip GDI injector (Retracted article. See vol. 140, pg. 829. 2018)

The effects of thermal and fuel properties on the spray characteristics of a novel heated tip GDI injector have been investigated. The novel heated tip injector with an inner heater has been designed and manufactured to study the macroscopic spray characteristics under different conditions. To reveal the effects of injector heated tip temperature on spray characteristics, a six holes novel heated tip injector with different temperature has been studied. Moreover, a model refer to the velocity of a droplet of the flash boiling spray is established to predict the spray angle. A high-speed backlit imaging technique combined with cross-sectional spray patterns based on Mie scattering technique is used to obtain images of transient spray formation. The macroscopic spray formations of gasoline, iso-octane, n-pentane and ethanol were measured and compared under different experimental conditions. Experimental methods were used to validate how temperature effects on macroscopic spray characteristics. The results show that there are two key factors that affect the spray characteristics under the same condition, one is the physical properties and the other is fuel temperature. The spray characteristics is the key factor which has a high sensitive effect on the engine performances. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.