Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia A Meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE Some uncertainty about the clinical value and dosing of atropine for the treatment of myopia in children remains. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy vs the adverse effects of various doses of atropine in the therapy for myopia in children. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from inception to April 30, 2016. The reference lists of published reviews and clinicaltrials. gov were searched for additional relevant studies. Key search terms included myopia, refractive errors, and atropine. Only studies published in English were included. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials and cohort studies that enrolled patients younger than 18 years withmyopia who received atropine in at least 1 treatment arm and that reported the annual rate of myopia progression and/or any adverse effects of atropine therapy were included in the analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently abstracted the data. Heterogeneity was statistically quantified by Q, H, and I-2 statistics, and ameta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. The Cochrane Collaboration 6 aspects of bias and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used to assess the risk for bias. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomewas a difference in efficacy and the presence of adverse effects at different doses of atropine vs control conditions. The secondary outcomes included the differences in adverse effects between Asian and white patients. RESULTS Nineteen unique studies involving 3137 unique children were included in the analysis. The weighted mean differences between the atropine and control groups in myopia progression were 0.50 diopters (D) per year (95% CI, 0.24-0.76 D per year) for low-dose atropine, 0.57 D per year (95% CI, 0.43-0.71 D per year) for moderate-dose atropine, and 0.62 D per year (95% CI, 0.45-0.79 D per year) for high-dose atropine (P < .001), which translated to a high effect size (Cohen d, 0.97, 1.76, and 1.94, respectively). All doses of atropine, therefore, were equally beneficial with respect tomyopia progression (P = .15). High-dose atropine were associated with more adverse effects, such as the 43.1% incidence of photophobia compared with 6.3% for low-dose atropine and 17.8% for moderate-dose atropine (X-2(2) = 7.05; P = .03). In addition, differences in the incidence of adverse effects between Asian and white patients were not identified (.2 1 = 0.81; P = .37 for photophobia). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This meta-analysis suggests that the efficacy of atropine is dose independent within this range, whereas the adverse effects are dose dependent.