POD of small LEO satellites based on precise real-time MADOCA and SBAS-aided PPP corrections

For real-time precise orbit determination (POD) of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, high-accuracy global navigation satellite system (GNSS) orbit and clock products are necessary in real time. Recently, the Japanese multi-GNSS advanced demonstration of orbit and clock analysis precise point positioning (PPP) service and the new generation of the Australian/New Zealand satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)-aided PPP service provide free and precise GNSS products that are directly broadcast through the navigation and geostationary earth orbit satellites, respectively. With the high quality of both products shown in this study, a 3D accuracy of centimeters can be achieved in the post-processing mode for the reduced-dynamic orbits of small LEO satellites having a duty cycle down to 40% and at sub-dm to dm level for the kinematic orbits. The results show a promising future for high-accuracy real-time POD onboard LEO satellites benefiting from the precise free-of-charge PPP corrections broadcast by navigation systems or SBAS.