First report of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in south East Algeria

The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of toxoplasmosis due to T. gondii in dromedaries by the ELISA test and to identify associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was performed on 320 dromedaries (Camelus dromedaries) from January to March 2018 in four provinces of southeastern Algeria (Biskra, El- Oued, Ouargla, and Ghardaia). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on individual characteristics, husbandry management and health conditions. The ELISA test revealed an overall seroprevalence of 15% (CI95%: 11.5-19.33). Possible factors associated with T. gondii infection were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Age, husbandry system, and study area were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Increased seropositivity was observed in old animals older than 10 years (OR = 2.81; CI: 1.51-3.87; p = 0.003), two times higher in animals living in the intensive husbandry system (OR = 2.42; CI: 1.3-3.07; p = 0.003), and four times higher in animals living in Biskra (OR = 4.2; CI: 1.21-9.85; p = 0.0001) than other provinces. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be applied to reduce, control and prevent T. gondii infection in dromedaries and thereby reducing human infection risks.