A comprehensive review on the role of some important nanocomposites for antimicrobial and wastewater applications

Water is crucial for the existence of life. The world, however, is facing a global water crisis. There are variety of microorganisms, gases and other toxins responsible for water contamination. Various types of nanomaterials exist that have enormous potential to treat contaminated water (water containing metal toxins or specific organic or inorganic impurities) due to their unique properties such as a high surface area and their ability to work effectively even at low concentrations. In recent years, scientists have been giving considerable attention to the application of nanocomposites for water purification, wastewater treatment, microorganism elimination, chemical contaminants, heavy metals removal and so forth. The incorporation of different nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, 2D materials, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper and silver nanoparticles into polymeric materials has facilitated important advances, such as suppressing the accumulation of pollutants and foulants, improving the hydrophilicity, increasing the efficiency and improving the mechanical properties. This review discusses leading advances in the development of nanocomposites for antimicrobial and wastewater treatment with the aim of providing an improved understanding of nanocomposites and their applications in antimicrobial and wastewater treatment. Nanocomposites incorporating nanoparticles and graphene or its derivatives are frequently used in the treatment of wastewater and antimicrobial activities. Nanocomposites loaded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles are highly effective for wastewater treatment and have powerful antimicrobial activities. Nanostructured catalytic membranes and nano-photocatalysts are efficient and eco-friendly tools for the removal of contaminants from wastewater and antimicrobial activities, but they require more research and investment.