Historical records of Cipreses glacier (34°S): combining documentary-inferred 'Little Ice Age' evidence from Southern and Central Chile

The historical behaviour of Cipreses glacier from the nineteenth through the early twentieth century is described based on written records, cartography, iconography and photographs. These data allow us to infer that the last maximum advance of Cipreses glacier attributable to the 'Little Ice Age' occurred around AD 1842. The first historical retreat was recorded in 1858 and, since then, the glacier has shown a clear retreating trend with no new advances. All this information was compared with the historical data gathered for San Rafael glacier, which shows the occurrence of a cold period contemporary with the European LIA. Whereas Cipreses glacier was retreating by 1858, San Rafael glacier was advancing, reaching its last maximum between 1857 and 1875. The dates for the advances and retreats reveal a time-lag of approximately 30 years in the responses of these glaciers. The comparison of timing in glacier advances suggests that this time-lag is due to changes in precipitation and temperature associated mainly with fluctuations of the Westerlies.