Serial Changes in Right Ventricular Systolic Function Among Rejection-Free Children and Young Adults After Heart Transplantation

Background: Evolution of right ventricular (RV) systolic function after pediatric heart transplantation (HT) has not been well described. Methods: We analyzed echocardiograms performed over the first year after HT among children and young adults who remained rejection-free. Ninety-six patients (median age 7.1 [0.1-24.4] years at HT) were included: 22 infants (<= 1 year) and 74 noninfants (>1 year). Two-dimensional tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S'), fractional area change (FAC), myocardial performance index (MPI), and two-dimensional speckle-tracking-derived RV global longitudinal (GLS) and free wall strain (FWS) were assessed. Result: All measures of RV function were impaired immediately after HT and significantly improved over the first year: TAPSE z-score (-8.15 +/- 1.88 to -3.94 +/- 1.65, P < .0001), S' z-score (-4.30 +/- 1.36 to -2.28 +/- 1.33, P < .0001), FAC (24.37% +/- 7.71% to 42.02% +/- 7.09%, P < .0001), MPI (0.96 +/- 0.47 to 0.41 +/- 0.22, P < .0001), GLS (-10.37% +/- 3.86% to -21.05% +/- 3.41%, P < .0001), and FWS (-11.2% +/- 4.08% to -23.66% +/- 4.13%, P < .0001). By 1 year post-HT, TAPSE, S', GLS, and FWS, remained abnormal, whereas FAC and MPI nearly normalized. Patients transplanted during infancy demonstrated better recovery of RV systolic function. Conclusions: Although RV systolic function improved over the first year after HT in children and young adults without rejection, measures that assess longitudinal contractility remained abnormal at 1 year post-HT. These findings contribute to our understanding of RV myocardial contractility after HT in children and young adults and improve our ability to assess function quantitatively in this population.