The bioavailability of β-carotene in stir- or deep-fried vegetables in men determined by measuring the serum response to a single ingestion

To evaluate the bioavailability of beta-carotene from plant foods, the serum beta-carotene response to a single ingestion of various beta-carotene sources was determined in 10 healthy men. Tested beta-carotene sources included stir-fried shredded carrot, stir-fried water convolvulus leaves, deep-fried sweet potato ball, purified beta-carotene in a capsule (beadlets) and beadlets with beta-carotene free oriental radish (beadlets + radish). The maximal change in serum beta-carotene concentration occurred at 24 or 32 h post ingestion. This response to beadlets was significantly higher than that to the other four tested beta-carotene sources (P < 0.05). The maximal serum response to beadlets + radish was also significantly higher than that to the three food beta-carotene sources (P < 0.05). The maximal serum response to sweet potato was significantly higher than that to water convolvulus leaves (P < 0.05). The bioavailability relative to beta-carotene beadlets was calculated by dividing the maximal change in serum concentration to each test meal of each subject by his own serum maximal change in response to beadlets. Accordingly, the bioavailability was 65% for beadlets t radish, 33% for carrots, 26% for water convolvulus leaves and 37% for sweet potatoes. Concurrent ingestion of oriental radish reduced the bioavailability of beadlets to two-thirds of its original value, which partially accounted for the difference between the bioavailability of beadlets and natural foods. The relative bioavailability of beta-carotene from stir-fried and deep-fried vegetables was about one-third to one-fourth that of the purified beta-carotene beadlets. These bioavailabilities are higher than previously reported values.