Cannabis, tobacco and domestic fumes intake are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North Africa

BACKGROUND: The lifestyle risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in North Africa are not known. METHODS: From 2002 to 2005, we interviewed 636 patients and 615 controls from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, frequency-matched by centre, age, sex, and childhood household type (urban/rural). Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of lifestyles with NPC risk, controlling for socioeconomic status and dietary risk factors. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking and snuff ( tobacco powder with additives) intake were significantly associated with differentiated NPC but not with undifferentiated carcinoma (UCNT), which is the major histological type of NPC in these populations. As demonstrated by a stratified permutation test and by conditional logistic regression, marijuana smoking significantly elevated NPC risk independently of cigarette smoking, suggesting dissimilar carcinogenic mechanisms between cannabis and tobacco. Domestic cooking fumes intake by using kanoun ( compact charcoal oven) during childhood increased NPC risk, whereas exposure during adulthood had less effect. Neither alcohol nor shisha ( water pipe) was associated with risk. CONCLUSION: Tobacco, cannabis and domestic cooking fumes intake are risk factors for NPC in western North Africa. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 101, 1207-1212. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605281 www.bjcancer.com Published online 1 September 2009 (C) 2009 Cancer Research UK