Ancient history in the new world: Integrating oral traditions and the archaeological record in deep time

Oral traditions provide a viable source of information about historical settings dating back for in time-a fact that has gained increasing recognition in North America, although archaeologists and other scholars typically give minimal attention to this data. The Native American Graves protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) lists oral traditions as a source of evidence evidence that must be considered by museum and federal agency officials in making findings of cultural affiliation between ancient and modern Native American communities. This paper sets forth the NAGPRA standards and presents an analytical framework under which scholars can proceed with evaluation of historicity in verbal records of the ancient past. The author focuses on an Arikara narrative and argues that it presents a summary of human history in the New, World from initial settlement up to the founding of the Arikara homeland in North Dakota. Oral records and the archaeological record describe a shared past and should be viewed as natural partners in post-NAGPRA America. In conceptual terms, scholarship on the past should revisit the bibliocentric assumptions of "prehistory," and pursue, instead the study of "ancient American history"-an approach that treats oral documents as respectable siblings of written documents.