Inconsistency in the Reporting of Adverse Events in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Systems for classifying complications have been proposed for many surgical subspecialties. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the number and frequency of different terms used to identify complications in total ankle arthroplasty. We hypothesized that this terminology would be highly variable, supporting a need for a standardized system of reporting. Methods: Studies that met predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria were analyzed to identify terminology used to describe adverse events. All terms were then tabulated and quantified with regard to diversity and frequency of use across all included studies. Terms were also grouped into 10 categories, and the number of reported occurrences of each adverse event was calculated. A reporting tool was then developed. Results: Of 572 unique terms used to describe adverse outcomes in 117 studies, 55.9% (320/572) were used in only a single study. The category that was most frequently reported was revision surgery, with 86% of papers reporting on this event using 115 different terms. Other categories included additional non-revision surgeries (74% of papers, 93 terms), loosening/osteolysis (63% of papers, 86 terms), fractures (60% of papers, 53 terms), wound problems (52% of papers, 27 terms), infection (52% of papers, 27 terms), implant problems (50% of papers, 57 terms), soft tissue injuries (31% of papers, 30 terms), heterotopic ossification (22% of papers, 17 terms), and pain (18% of papers, 11 terms). Conclusion: The reporting of complications and adverse outcomes for total ankle arthroplasty was highly variable. This lack of consistency impedes the accurate reporting and interpretation of data required for the development of cohesive, evidence-based treatment guidelines for end-stage ankle arthritis. Standardized reporting tools are urgently needed. This study presents a prototype worksheet for the standardized assessment and reporting of adverse events. Level of Evidence: Level-III, decision analyses, systematic review of Level III studies and above.