Multi-omics Profiling of Patients with Melanoma Treated with Nivolumab in Project HOPE

Background: Project HOPE (High-tech Omicsbased Patient Evaluation) has been in progress since 2014 and uses whole-exome sequencing (WES) and gene expression profiling (GEP). Among a total of 1,685 patients with cancer, 13 with melanoma were registered and characterized using multi-omics analyses to investigate specific biomarkers in responders to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade. Materials and Methods: The patients with melanoma comprised of six males and seven females, and their mean age was 68 years. Five patients were treated with nivolumab, and two were responders. Results: GEP analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 expression was positive in for cases, and melanoma-associated antigens and tumor signaling-associated genes were up-regulated in tumor compared with normal tissues. Additionally, WES analysis indicated more single nucleotide variants (SNVs) per melanoma tumor compared to other tumor types. Remarkably, a case of complete remission after nivolumab therapy showed high expression of PD-L1 protein and the highest number of SNVs. Conclusion: The novel approach used in Project HOPE might be an efficient tool that facilitates identifying specific biomarkers predictive of good responders to anti-PD-1 therapy.