Inter-annual variation in responses of water chemistry and epilithon to Pacific salmon spawners in an Alaskan stream

1. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) deliver salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) to the streams in which they spawn. However, many stream parameters, such as discharge and spawner abundance, can vary from year to year, which could alter the quantity and flux of SDN. 2. Over six consecutive years, we studied responses in streamwater chemistry and epilithon (i.e. the microbial community on submerged rocks) to salmon spawners in Fish Creek, southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. The lower reach of Fish Creek receives spawners of several salmon species, while the upper reach does not receive spawners because of an intervening waterfall. 3. We estimated salmon spawner biomass, analysed water chemistry [ammonium, nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)], and measured epilithon abundance [as chlorophyll a (chl a) and ash-free dry mass (AFDM)] in Fish Creek. Measurements were made in both the upper and lower reaches, before, during and after the major salmon runs. 4. Absolute values and relative differences indicated that the presence of salmon spawners consistently increased dissolved ammonium (by 58 mu g L-1 on average, 41x over background), SRP (by 6 mu g L-1, 14x), epilithon chl a (by 35 mg m(-2), 16x), and epilithon AFDM (by 3 g m(-2), 8x). Salmon spawners did not increase nitrate or DOC in either absolute or relative amounts. The persistence and magnitude of spawner effects varied among years and appeared to reflect weather-driven hydrology as well as spawner biomass. 5. Salmon-derived nutrients can stimulate the growth of primary producers by increasing streamwater nutrient concentrations, but this positive influence may be modulated by other factors, such as water temperature and discharge. To better assess the ecological influence of SDN on stream biota, future studies should explicitly consider the role of key environmental factors and their temporal and spatial dynamics in stream ecosystems.