A latent profile approach for the study of internet gaming disorder, social media addiction, and psychopathology in a normative sample of adolescents

Background: For a small minority of individuals, the overuse of digital technologies has been associated with negative factors, including psychological distress and psychopathological symptoms. Two technology-based addictions - internet gaming disorder (IGD) and social media addiction (SMA) - have been found to be related to comorbid disorders and impulsivity especially in adolescents and emerging adults' populations, but results in this field are inconclusive Purpose: Using the latent profile analysis (LPA), this study identified different profiles of adolescents characterized by unique patterns of psychopathological risks, and similar levels of impulsivity, IGD, and SMA. Participants and methods: A total of 643 participants (312 males; M-age = 16.02 years) were divided into three age groups (early, mid-, and late adolescence). They completed a battery of scales comprising: Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale for Adolescents, and Symptom Checklist-90-R. Results: LPAs revealed distinct profiles across early, mid-and late adolescence with regards to the psychopathological variables taken into account. Specifically, only two profiles were identified in the 14-15 year age group, whereas three profiles emerged in the 16-17 year age group. Conclusion: This study highlighted that the profiles identified in each age group differed in terms of psychopathological risk (low, medium and high), showing instead similar (and non-clinical) scores in technology-based addictions and impulsivity. Results could be useful in designing prevention and intervention programs in youth showing similar patterns for technology-based addictions, but different levels of psychopathological symptoms.