Deep ensemble learning-based approach to real-time power system state estimation

Power system state estimation (PSSE) is commonly formulated as weighted least-square (WLS) algorithm and solved using iterative methods such as Gauss-Newton methods. However, iterative methods have become more sensitive to system operating conditions than ever before due to the deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources, zero emission technologies (e.g., electric vehicles), and demand response programs. Appropriate PSSE approaches are required to avoid pitfalls of the WLS-based PSSE computations for accurate prediction of operating conditions. This paper proposes a data-driven real-time PSSE using a deep ensemble learning algorithm. In the proposed approach, the ensemble learning setup is formulated with dense residual neural networks as base-learners and multivariate-linear regressor as meta-learner. Historical measurements and states are utilised to train and test the model. The trained model can be used in real-time to estimate power system states (voltage magnitudes and phase angles) using real-time measurements. Most of current data-driven PSSE methods assume the availability of a complete set of measurements, which may not be the case in real power system dataacquisition. This paper adopts multivariate linear regression to forecast system states for instants of missing measurements to assist the proposed PSSE technique. Case studies are performed on various IEEE standard benchmark systems to validate the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms existing data-driven PSSE techniques. The developed source code of the proposed solution is publicly available at htt ps://github.com/nbhusal/Power-System-State-Estimation.