The knowledge of using performance-enhancing drugs and supplements is caused by psychological and social dynamics. Moreover, athletes used pharmaceuticals to improve their performance, which is commonly known as doping. Doping in sports is the "use of prohibited techniques and/or the assumption of prohibited substances by athletes in order to increase physical performances". If an individual believes that capacity is not related to commitment, then they are more exposed to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. This misuse is ethically and legally incorrect. We will agree that sport is essentially under the current anti-doping campaign executed by a coordinated alliance between the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), law enforcement authorities and sports organizers. Doping is a public health issue and not simply a problem inside the professional sports community. Opinions are spreading in support of liberalization of doping. Some are based on the circumstances that currently the values of equality and health are not protected and, therefore, the liberalization of doping doesn't result in a change in the current situation. Indeed, the prohibitionist attitude involves the search for substances and methods of administration increasingly dangerous. This review is a portrait of this issue and explores some arguments concerning various aspects of the problem.
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Western Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, AustraliaWestern Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
Ramjan, Lucie M.
Maneze, Della
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Western Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res,South Western Sydney Loc, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, AustraliaWestern Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
Maneze, Della
Krstevska, Elena
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Western Sydney Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, AustraliaWestern Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
Krstevska, Elena
Pathrose, Sheeja Perumbil
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Western Sydney Univ, NSW Ctr Evidence Based Hlth Care JBI Affiliated G, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, AustraliaWestern Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
Pathrose, Sheeja Perumbil
Lewis, Peter
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Western Sydney Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, AustraliaWestern Sydney Univ, Ctr Oral Hlth Outcomes & Res Translat COHORT, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Ingham Inst Appl Med Res, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Penn State Univ, Kinesiol Dept, University Pk, PA 16801 USA
Penn State Univ, Rock Eth Inst, University Pk, PA 16801 USAPenn State Univ, Kinesiol Dept, University Pk, PA 16801 USA
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
Wu, Junjie
Yu, Wei
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Clin Med 4, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
Yu, Wei
Xu, Zhuo
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
Xu, Zhuo
Chen, Yuxuan
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
Chen, Yuxuan
Li, Jiaomei
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
Li, Jiaomei
Sun, Qinghua
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Hangzhou 310053, Peoples R China
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Buckinghamshire New Univ, Sch Hlth & Social Care Profess, Dept Physiotherapy, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, EnglandBuckinghamshire New Univ, Sch Hlth & Social Care Profess, Dept Physiotherapy, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, England
Dairo, Yetunde M.
Hunter, Kirsty
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Inst Sports Exercise & Hlth ISEH, Div Surg & Intervent Sci, 170 Tottenham Court Rd, London W1T 7HA, EnglandBuckinghamshire New Univ, Sch Hlth & Social Care Profess, Dept Physiotherapy, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, England
Hunter, Kirsty
Ishaku, Timothy
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Buckinghamshire New Univ, Sch Hlth & Social Care Profess, Dept Physiotherapy, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, EnglandBuckinghamshire New Univ, Sch Hlth & Social Care Profess, Dept Physiotherapy, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, England