Impact of legislation on olive mill wastewater management: Jordan as a case study

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) management is becoming more challenging and a major environmental concern due to several factors including the very complex wastewater, which is considered one of the most difficult to treat. Seasonal production and small scattered family milling businesses have resulted in augmented management challenges. As the eighth largest olive oil exporter, Jordan is not an exception and faces some environmental and management concerns. The country had recently managed OMWW well; however, some issues need to be addressed in order to meet environmental requirements of the growing business. This paper aims at evaluating the Jordanian experience in OMWW management and recommends additional alternatives. OMWW shipping is controlled by a tracking system to designated disposal sites. However, weak enforcement of penalties results in violations. Moreover, current management practical options are limited in view of existing regulations since agricultural land application and decentralized management are discouraged. Legislative gaps are discussed and suggestions for a comprehensive revision established to allow for additional management alternatives. A revised legislative framework that takes into account resource recovery and the valorization of OMWW based on scientific evidence is highly recommended.