Warming mitigates the enhancement effect of elevated air CO2 on anti-grazer morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus

Atmospheric CO2 and temperature are increasing, which will have substantial impacts on interactions among organisms. While each stressor in isolation has been studied extensively, there has been less focus on their combined effects on the interspecies interaction. In order to reveal how warming and elevated CO2 interact on the induced defense of phytoplankton, we investigated the combined influences of elevated CO2 (750 ppm vs 390 ppm) and high temperature (28 degrees C and 31 degrees C vs 25 degrees C) on grazer Daphnia-induced morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliques. Results showed that S. obliquus formed big-sized colonies (e.g., four- and eight-celled colonies) as response to Daphnia infochernicals, resulting in an increase in the number of cells per particle. Elevated CO2 further decreased the proportion of unicells from >40% in the populations growing at 390 ppm CO2 without Daphnia filtrate to <7% in the populations growing at 750 ppm CO2 with Daphnia filtrate, with the formation of more than 90% colonies, thus enhancing this morphological defense in S. obliquus. However, under elevated CO2, increasing temperature up to 31 degrees C remarkably increased the four-celled colonies by at least 159% but decreased the eight-celled colonies by 37% compared with 25 degrees C. Ma result, the maximum cells per particle were significantly decreased to the 390 ppm CO2-grown level at high temperature. The time to reach the maximum cells per particle was also shortened by high temperature under elevated CO2. These results suggest that high temperature has an overwhelming inhibitory effect on the enhanced anti-grazer defense by elevated CO2, which provides significant implications for forecasting the predator-prey interaction changes in freshwater ecosystem under future climate regimes. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.