Cortical transients preceding voluntary movement

The process of initiating a voluntary muscular movement evidently involves a focusing of diffuse brain activity onto a highly specific location in the primary motor cortex. Even the very simple stereotypic movements used to study the 'contingent negative variation' and the 'readiness potential' begin with EEG indicative of widely distributed brain activity. In natural settings the involvement of diffuse cortical networks is undoubtedly even more important. Eventually, however, activity must coalesce onto specific neurons for the intended movement to ensue. Here we examine that focusing process from a mathematical point of view. Using a digital simulation, we solve the global equations for cortical dynamics and model the flow from diffuse onset to localized spike. From this perspective the interplay between global and local effects is seen as a necessary consequence of a basic cortical architecture which supports wave propagation. Watching the process evolve over time allows us to estimate some characteristic amplitudes and delays. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.