How does tourism development affect environmental pollution?

Tourism development has often been considered as a growth pillar over recent decades; however, studies on whether and how it can contribute to pollution reduction are scant. This study fills the research gaps by exploring the role of tourism development in pollution emissions by investigating two influencing mechanisms-the industry substitution effect and energy substitution effect-in the context of Asian Tigers. Several econometric techniques are used to show that a 1% increase in tourism development can lead to a 0.3862% decrease in carbon emissions. The results of multiple mediating effect analyses indicate that the tourism sector can curb carbon emissions by both replacing high-emissions industries and promoting the use of renewable energy; the effect of the former path is 4% greater than that of the latter. This study should serve as a reference by which policymakers can develop sustainable tourism and reduce pollution emissions.