Integrated TOU Price-Based Demand Response and Dynamic G2V Charge Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator

Electric Vehicle Aggregator (EVA) performs load scheduling coordination for mutual benefits of EV owners and System Operator (SO) under unidirectional grid-to-vehicle (G2V) framework. It performs trading in wholesale markets aiming at profit maximization with buy bids for charging energy requirements and sale bids of regulation services to SO. However, due to unexpected departure of EVs, EVA may incur a loss in trading due to failure in satisfying the charging requirements of EV owners or regulation capacity to SO. It necessitates consideration of a more realistic and flexible smart charge scheduling method for EVs. Furthermore, Time-of-Use price-based demand response (TOU-PBDR) has the potential to enhance economic efficiency of the system through the enhanced flexibility of EVs and incentivize EV owners. In this paper integrated TOU-PBDR and dynamic charge scheduling of EVA is modeled to provide regulation services to SO. Complete charging profile information such as arrival time, departure time, initial SOC, desired SOC, charging efficiency, trip duration, and distance, etc. is not known to EVA antecedently. Simulations are performed on a group of 1000 EVs. Results show fascinating propensities regarding modulation of charging rate, grid stability, and the financial prudence of EV charging.