Contrasting effects of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors on nitric oxide release under pressure

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that increased pressure itself could cause endothelial dysfunction and lead to decreased nitric oxide (NO) release, partly through effects on the tissue renin angiotensin system in hypertension. Cultured endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from the aortas of WKY rats were continuously exposed to a pressure of 150 mmHg in a CO2 incubator for 72 h using a pressure system, and the NOx (NO2 and NO3) and angiotensin II (Ang II) concentrations in the supernatant were measured. An Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) antagonist (losartan) and an Ang II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) antagonist (PD123319) were added to the medium. The expression of AT(1)R and AT(2)R mRNAs was also examined. Pressure loading significantly decreased the NO release from ECs. Concomitant administration of losartan restored NO release to the level before the application of pressure (p<0.001). This effect of losartan was blocked by simultaneous administration of PD123319, bradykinin type 2 receptor antagonist, and NO synthase inhibitor (p<0.05). The Ang II concentration was increased by pressure and was further increased by losartan. The gene expression of AT(1)R was not changed by pressure, but AT(2)R mRNA was increased almost 2-fold. These results indicate that high pressure itself attenuates NO release from ECs, and that losartan improves NO release by activating the bradykinin system via AT(2)R stimulation. In addition, the increase of AT(2)R gene expression in ECs during exposure to pressure may compensate for the reduction of NO.