Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure and death, end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease

Objectives:Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure (VVV of BP) is an important independent risk factor for premature death and cardiovascular events, but relatively little is known about this phenomenon in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study in a community-based cohort of 114900 adults with CKD stages 3-4 (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15-59ml/min per 1.73m(2)). We hypothesized that VVV of BP would be independently associated with higher risks of death, incident treated end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular events. We defined systolic VVV of BP using three metrics: coefficient of variation, standard deviation of the mean SBP, and average real variability.Results:The highest versus the lowest quintile of the coefficient of variation was associated with higher adjusted rates of death (hazard ratio 1.22; 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.34) and hemorrhagic stroke (hazard ratio 1.91; confidence interval 1.36-2.68). VVV of BP was inconsistently associated with heart failure, and was not significantly associated with acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke. Results were similar when using the other two metrics of VVV of BP. VVV of BP had inconsistent associations with end-stage renal disease, perhaps because of the relatively low incidences of this outcome.Conclusion:Higher VVV of BP is independently associated with higher rates of death and hemorrhagic stroke in patients with moderate to advanced CKD not yet on dialysis.