Complex phase equilibria in refractories design and use

The current applications of phase diagrams and thermodynamic calculations to studies of refractories are reviewed highlighting links to microstructural analyses. Improved understanding of microstructural evolution and chemical corrosion mechanisms has resulted from such work. The limitation of the calculations/diagrams to thermodynamic equilibria has led to imaginative attempts to incorporate some dynamic aspect in them so they are more relevant to practical conditions. These include varying temperature to model a temperature gradient, P-O2 to model atmosphere permeation into a brick, slag/refractory ratio to model slag penetration and altering the slag composition after reaction with the fine matrix phases. The potential future development of such techniques is discussed.